Frequently Asked Questions
The following topics refer to questions frequently asked by Precast/Prestressed Girder users.
The OK button on the Strand Pattern Screen
In the Beam tab after selecting the desired beam, see if the results button at the bottom left corner is available (i.e. not grayed out). If it is grayed out, click the Strand Pattern button. If you have already specified the strand pattern, click OK. When the program returns to the Beam tab, the Results button will be available. Select and select the beam previously designed. All the print options are now available. Select the items and print.
Restraining Moments and Composite Dead Load Moments
Positive live load moments Precast/Prestressed Girder uses the total positive restraining moment to compute the required reinforcement (Asb) between the girder/diaphragm connection. Additionally, Precast/Prestressed Girder uses the larger of Ms and 1.2×Mcr to calculate the required Asb.
Fatigue Limit State in LRFD
Fatigue Limit State load factors, girder distribution factors, and dynamic load allowances cause Fatigue Limit State stress to be considerably less than the corresponding value determined from Service III Limit State. For fully prestressed concrete components, the net concrete stress is usually significantly less than the concrete tensile stress limit specified in Art. 5.9.3.2.2b. Therefore, the calculated flexural stresses are significantly reduced. For this situation, the calculated steel stress range, which is equal to the modular ratio times the concrete stress range is almost always less than the steel fatigue range limit specified in Art. 5.5.3.3.
Individual Load Case Results
On the Analysis tab, if you change Type from Envelope to Load Case, the program displays individual load analysis results for each of the self-weights, dead loads and live loads for each beam in each spans. These are the raw results before being multiplied by the distribution, gamma, beta or impact factors etc. These results can also be exported to a spreadsheet format by clicking Print on the Analysis tab.
Volume/ Surface Area Ratio
V/S is calculated as the cross-sectional area of the girder divided by the perimeter. For box beams, consider both the internal and external perimeters. This ratio is used exclusively for computing creep as part of positive restraining moments.
Post-tensioned Check Box in LRFD
Distribution of Dead Loads
Since a barrier load would be a dead load on composite (i.e. acting after the deck has hardened on the composite section comprising the precast beam and topping), you could model on the appropriate span as a composite line load. Now to ensure that this load goes only to the first exterior beam, you will need to modify the Dead Load distribution factor on the Analysis tab screen under Analysis parameters. Make the Dead Load DF for the first exterior beam to be 1.0 (manual input) and change the Dead Load DF for all other beams to be 0.0. This will cause the entire barrier load to be applied only on the first exterior beam.
Computation of Tenth Points
Please note that the tenth points in the output under "Service Load moments and Shears" are referenced with respect to the centerline of the left bearing. Let us follow a sample calculation using Tutorial 1 in the manual. Precast Length is 116.0 ft. Now 0.4L = 0.4 × 116 ft = 46.4 ft. However under Shear and Moment envelopes program shows a value of 45.90 ft. This difference of 0.5 ft comes from the overhang over bearing CL. Since the program always assumes that the beam is placed symmetrically over the bearing, this overhang is calculated as (Precast Length (116.0 ft) - Design length (115.0 ft)/2 = 1.0/2 = 0.5 ft.